Comprehensive Textbook on Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 (BNS) is an authoritative textbook-cum-commentary on India's new substantive criminal law framework enacted through the BNS. Designed to replace the Indian Penal Code 1860, the BNS represents a historic re-codification of criminal law, and this book provides a systematic, concept-driven, and provision-wise exposition of the new Code. The work goes beyond a mere reproduction of statutory text. It rebuilds criminal law understanding for the post-IPC era by integrating foundational criminal law theory, comparative IPC–BNS analysis, section-wise statutory commentary, and judicial interpretation, thereby enabling readers to appreciate continuity and change in India's criminal jurisprudence. Written in clear and accessible language, the book bridges academic learning and practical application, making it particularly valuable for law students

This book is especially suited for LLB students, while also serving a wider professional audience:

• LLB Students (3-Year & 5-Year Courses) – As a core textbook for substantive criminal law under the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, offering conceptual clarity, doctrinal depth, and examination-oriented understanding

• Judicial Services & Competitive Exam Aspirants – For structured preparation grounded in principles, statutory interpretation, and case law

• Advocates & Criminal Law Practitioners – For section-wise interpretation, comparative reference, and courtroom application

• Judges, Prosecutors & Judicial Officers – As a transition-ready reference linking IPC-era jurisprudence with BNS provisions

• Academicians & Researchers – For scholarly analysis of criminal law reform and evolving penological philosophy

• Law Enforcement & Investigative Agencies – For understanding offence definitions, liability standards, and punishment mechanisms under the new Code

The Present Publication is the 2026 Edition, authored by Adv. Kartik Kaushik, with the following noteworthy features:

• [Textbook & Commentary Format] combining conceptual teaching with provision-wise statutory explanation

• [Exhaustive Section-wise Commentary] explaining the scope, ingredients, intent, and application of each provision of the BNS

• [Strong Conceptual Foundation] through dedicated chapters on criminal law theory, elements of crime, stages of crime, liability, and punishment

• [IPC–BNS Transition Support] including:

  • Interpretation Note on pari materia application

  • Detailed table mapping IPC sections with corresponding BNS provisions

• [Integration of Case Law, Legal Maxims, and Doctrines] with IPC-era judgments contextually aligned to BNS provisions

• [Modern Criminal Justice Perspective] covering new offences such as organised crime and terrorist acts, and new punishment concepts such as community service

• [User-friendly Language and Structure] consciously avoiding unnecessary jargon and facilitating easy navigation

The structure of the book is as follows:

• Foundational Criminal Law (Part I) – Before introducing the BNS, the book builds a robust doctrinal base essential for LLB students, covering:

  • Nature, definition, and evolving concept of crime

  • Legality vs morality and the social context of criminal law

  • Elements of crime:

    • Person (offender, victim, preventer)

    • Mens rea (intention, recklessness, negligence, motive)

    • Actus reus and its interaction with mens rea

    • Injury (physical, mental, financial, and intangible)

    • Causation

  • Stages of Crime – Preparation, attempt, and commission, with judicial tests such as proximity, locus poenitentiae, non-equivocality, and social danger tests

  • Strict liability and vicarious liability, including liability of corporations and the State

  • Theories of Punishment – Retributive, deterrent, preventive, expiatory, and reformative, along with judicial approaches

  • This part functions as a complete criminal law primer, making the book ideal as a core LLB textbook

• Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 – Text & Commentary (Part II) – The second part presents the entire Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023, systematically arranged and supported by detailed commentary. Each provision is accompanied by:

  • Corresponding IPC provisions (where applicable)

  • Explanation of scope, ingredients, and applicability

  • Classification of offences (where relevant)

  • Interpretative commentary supported by judicial precedents

  • The coverage spans the full Code, including:

    • Preliminary provisions and definitions

    • Punishments, including imprisonment, fine, and community service (with cross-reference to BNSS)

    • Offences against the State, including acts endangering the sovereignty, unity, and integrity of India

    • Offences against women and children

    • Offences against religion, property, and documents

    • Organised crime, petty organised crime, and terrorist acts

    • Repeal and savings provisions

• Legislative & Parliamentary Context – To support purposive interpretation and academic understanding, the book incorporates:

  • Statement of Objects and Reasons

  • Parliamentary Standing Committee observations and recommendations (at a glance)

  • Lok Sabha speech of the Hon'ble Home Minister introducing the Bill

  • These materials help readers understand why the law was restructured, not merely what the provisions state

The book follows a logical 'Learn → Apply' framework:

• Interpretation & Transition Tools

  • Pari materia note

  • IPC–BNS correlation table

  • Abbreviations and Table of Cases

• Part I | Criminal Law Foundations – Conceptual and doctrinal clarity for students

• Part II | Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita 2023 – Full statutory text with structured, section-wise commentary

• Legislative Materials – Objects, committee reports, and parliamentary debates

• This structure ensures the book works equally well as a classroom textbook, a revision companion, and a reference volume